The Tomb of Antipope John XXIII is the marble and bronze tomb memorial of   Antipope John XXIII designed by Donatello and Michelozzo for the Florence Baptistry close to the Duomo. The memorial was constructed by the executors of Cossa’s will as after his death on December 22nd and 1419. It is known as to be one of the early signs of the start of the Renaissance in Florence. Cossa is known as to be in regular and permanent cooperation with Florence that intercepted him as an approved and right religious head of bishopry as during the Western Schism. The tomb memorial as many a times has been told as the Cossa’s baptistery as connecting him with the spiritually powerful site of the Baptistry. The suggestion of papal symbolism on the tomb and the linkage between Cossa and Florence is referred as discredit to the Cossa’s successor Pope Martin V.

As in the design of the memorial it includes the three virtues in niches, Cossa’s family arms, a gilded bronze recumbent efficy laid out above an inscription-bearing sarcophagus supported on corbel brackets, and above it a Madonna and Child in a half-lunette, with a canopy over all. At the time the construction of the memorial accomplished it was the tallest building in Rome. Antipope John XXIII had an estranged relation with Florence.   Baldassare Cossa was a Neapolitan nobleman who grew up in Bologna. Pope Boniface IX raised Cossa to the Archdiocese of Bologna in 1396 and made him a cardinal in 1402. When the Council of Pisa occurred in 1409, Cossa enforced rebellion against Pope Gregory XII, who there didn’t agree to resign. Cossa was snatched away from his cardinalate, but was restored by Antipope Alexander V, who had been elected by the council. Cossa succeeded Alexander V as John XXIII in 1410. He was approved as Pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and many other Northern Italian city states, involving Florence and Venice. When Ladislas of Naples won Rome in 1413, John XXIII was compelled to flee to Florence.  While at further developments he was deposed as John XXIII on May 29, 1415 and elected Pope Martin V on November 11, 1417. He submitted to Martin V on June 14, 1419 and was paid with a cardinal’s hat on June 26, only to die on December 22. However, the Cossa’s tomb as a memorial was made after a decade of his death,

Pitti Palace is the famous Florentine Royal Palace that also is an important art museum as well. The museum is consisted of about five primary art galleries and eight museums. Below are briefed some of the well known museums and galleries in Pitti Palace.

•    Palatine Gallery: Situated on the first floor of the piano nobile, it contains about a large group of over about over 500  Renaissance paintings, that once were the part of the Medicis’ and their successors’ personal arte collection.    The gallery further extends into the royal apartments and keeps the works by   Raphael, Titian, Correggio, Rubens, and Pietro da Cortona.

•    Royal Apartments: The royal apartment is a suite of about 14 rooms, that earlier was used by the Medici family, and later on used by their successors. These rooms to a greater percentage have been modified mostly in 19th century.  The room keeps the collection of Medici portraits, many of them made by the artist Giusto Sustermans. In comparison to the great salons combining the  Palatine collection, a few of these rooms are much smaller and intimate and despite grand and gilded are well suited to present day-to-day living needs and requirements.

•    Modern Art Gallery: This gallery has originated from the remodeling of the Florentine academy in 1748, when a gallery of modern art was formed into as to keep the works that were once the prize winners at the academy’s competitions. The Palazzo Pitti was being redeveloped at the larger scale at that particular time as new works of the art were being collected as to adorn as the newly decorates salons. By reaching the 19th century there were so numerous and too much was of the Grand Ducal paintings of modern art that they were even transferred to the Palazzo Croncetta that later on became the home to newly formed “Modern Art Museum”.

•    The interior of the Palazzo Vecchio: Following the Risorgimento and eviction of the Grand Ducal family from the palazzo, all the Grand Ducal modern art works was combined into under one roof at the newly titled “Modern gallery of the Academy”. The collection there remained under the patronage of Vittorio Emanuele II. However, it was not until 1922 that this gallery was further moved to the Palazzo Pitti where it was complemented by further modern works of art in the company of both the state and the municipality of Florence.

•    Silver Museum: This is also referrers to as the “The Medici Treasury”, that keeps the collection of priceless silver, cameos, and other works in semi-precious gemstones, and most of them from the collection of Lorenzo de’ Medici, involving the collection of ancient vases. Many of them had the fragile silver gilt mounts added for exhibition purposes around in the 15th century.

And other museums contains there as Palazzo Pitti, costume Gallery, Porcelain Museum and Carriages Museum.

The Decameron is a collection of about 100 novellas as described by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio. It started the literary creation in about 1350 and finished it in 1353. This is considered as a medieval allegorical work that is better known for its coarse tales of love, that are contained about in all categories from erotic to the tragic. According to some experts certain parts of the tales have received the influence of The Book of God.   Many recognized writers like as Geoffrey Chaucer, are told to be inspired from the The Decameron. The title is an abbreviated form for the two Greek Words as known to be “10″ and “day”.

The Decameron is formed in the structure of the frame narrative, or frame tale. The Decameron has an integral place as into the history of the novel and was completed by the Giovanni Boccaccio in 1353. It starts with a description of the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) and delves into an introduction of a group of seven young women and three young men who fled from plague-ridden Florence for a villa outside of the city walls. And there they share stories each for everyone for about ten nights at the Villa. The Decameron is a distinctive work, in shows in varieties like physical, psychological and social impact had the Bubonic Plague at that part of the Europe.

One of the women, Pampinea, while during the narration becomes the Queen for the first day and thereafter king or queen used to tell you will succeed then and decides the themes for current day story telling.  There each day happens to be a new theme assigned there except for days 1 and 9. Boccaccio there used to provide introduction and conclusion for each and every story including the day activities before and after the story-telling. These inserts regularly involves the transcriptions of Italian folk songs and references to various Italian folk dances.

As with respect to the real interpretation of the frame narrative as adopted in Decameron even provides a unity in respect to the philosophical outlook and interdependence. Most o the stories there appears to be weaved around the theme of Lady Fortune and the rise and fall of a person through the external influences of the “Wheel of Fortune”. The author of Decameron Boccaccio was been educated in the style of Dante’s Divine Comedy that even used and traced different level of allegory to make a relation between the literal events of the story and the Christian message. Many details of the Decameron are yet related to the medieval sense of numerology and the mystical significance.

The Gabinetto Scientifico Letterario G. P. Vieusseux, that was suddenly resurfaced around in 1819 by Giovan Pietro Vieusseux, a merchant from Geneva, is a famous library in Florence, Italy. That is known for relating the culture of Italy with that of the other European countries as in around the 19th century and is even a primary reference point for the Risorgimento movement.

The library initially was started as the reading room that even provided leading European periodicals for Florentines and visitors from outside in a setting and environment that even encouraged conversation and the exchange of ideas. This circulating library provides the latest and best publications in Italian, French and English and is located next to the reading room. The legends from the Europe were the regular visitors at this library.  The primary persons who visited the library are the likes as Giacomo Leopard, Alessandro Manzoni, Stendhal, Schopenhauer, J. F. Cooper, Thackeray, Dostoevsky, Mark Twain, Émile Zola, André Gide, Kipling, Aldous Huxley and D. H. Lawrence. The institute personally was under the control of the Vieusseux family until 1919 when it transformed into a foundation that also had a governing body and was supervised by the Mayor of Florence or its delegates. The work to expand and enrich the library kept on going till the 20th century even under the direction of the noted intellectuals of the time like as Bonaventura Tecchi, Eugenio Montale and, for forty years under Alessandro Bonsanti. The foundation also organizes the meetings, conferences and exhibitions as through out the year. In 1995, the quarterly review as founded by Bonsanti in 1966 started its publication.

The library has a good number of collections and books as showing up its cosmopolitan character in its two sections, one the lending library and the other one the reading room for journals. Its present collection has about 300,000 monographs as in different languages as Italian, French, English, and some other sources in German language as well. The library too is quite well with respect to the leisure reading as well as it provides the large collection of detective stories and best sellers of various types. The library has about 2,700 journals in different languages about what 600 are from the nineteenth century. About 350 journals in the library are yet in circulation.

In October 1975, the Contemporary Archives started in the library with an aim to collect the diverse material as related to impressive contemporary persons.  This Archive is kept into novel fourteenth-century rooms of the city-owned Palazzo Corsini Suarez, which in itself and its landscape is quite different from different structures in the city. The library too has a Conservation Center that is the part of the Gabinetto Vieusseux that even look around the physical protection of properties as kept in the Institute.